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美联储做出了一个重大且市场广泛预期的举动,在最新会议上批准降息25个基点。这项以11比1的压倒性投票结果通过的决定,传递出一个明确信息:尽管通胀压力持续存在,政策制定者对美国劳动力市场的担忧正在加剧。此次行动,加之年底前还将进行两次降息的信号,标志着央行立场的关键性转变。

前行道路上的分歧

将基准隔夜贷款利率下调至4.00%-4.25%的决定获得了出乎意料的共识,特别是考虑到近期美国总统施加的要求更大幅放宽政策的政治压力。唯一的一张反对票来自新任理事斯蒂芬·米兰(Stephen Miran),他主张更大幅度地降息50个基点。尽管存在这一分歧,但政策制定者的广泛多数投票,包括此前被视为潜在反对者的米歇尔·鲍曼(Michelle Bowman)和克里斯托弗·沃勒(Christopher Waller)两位理事—表明委员会绝大多数成员现在认为有必要采取更宽松的立场。

会后声明的措辞经过精心斟酌,以反映当前经济形势的复杂性。委员会维持经济活动已“温和放缓”的判断,但数月来首次明确增加了“就业增长有所放缓”的表述。这一承认是一个关键信号。与此同时,美联储指出通胀“已有所上升且仍处于较高水平”,这凸显了其实现物价稳定和充分就业的双重目标之间存在冲突。美联储的声明直接承认了这种紧张关系,称委员会“判断就业面临的下行风险已有所增加”,这一措辞凸显出一种新的紧迫感。

“风险管理”还是“掌舵航行”?

主席杰罗姆·鲍威尔(Jerome Powell)在会后新闻发布会上将此次降息定性为一种“风险管理”行为。他解释说,这一决定是旨在避免劳动力市场潜在疲软的主动措施。鲍威尔表示,“劳动力供需双方的显著放缓,在当下这个缺乏活力且略显疲软的劳动力市场中是不寻常的。”这种表述暗示美联储正试图阻止形势恶化。

然而,并非所有分析师都同意这种定性。北美安联贸易公司(Allianz Trade North America)首席经济学家丹·诺斯(Dan North)反驳称,美联储不仅仅是在管理风险,更是在积极“掌舵航行”。这种观点认为,央行已从被动应对转向主动引导,牢牢掌控着经济航向。这场辩论的关键在于,美联储的立场已无疑从限制性偏向转向更为中性,并在必要时准备进一步放宽政策。

备受期待的“点阵图”反映每位与会者利率预期的匿名分布图,进一步强化了这种鸽派倾向。点阵图显示,多数与会者预计年底前还将进行两次降息,很可能在10月和12月的会议上进行。这一共识表明委员会中的鸽派影响力增强。然而,点阵图也揭示了观点的巨大分歧,一位官员不希望今年有任何降息,而另一位则主张年内再降息1.25个百分点。美联储的长期展望与市场定价之间的这种分歧,将成为未来几个月讨论和潜在波动性的关键来源。

政治博弈与市场反应

此次会议是在重大政治压力背景下举行的,特朗普多次呼吁大幅降息。米兰理事的任命以及围绕法院阻止另一项州长免职程序的持续法律戏剧性事件,为央行注入了罕见的政治博弈色彩。然而,鲍威尔坚持认为,决策是基于数据的反映,并且会议上没有就降息50个基点达成”广泛支持”。

短期内,市场反应不一。声明发布后股市出现波动,主要平均指数在交易员消化鲍威尔言论之际上下起伏。国债收益率也呈现分化态势:短期国债收益率下跌(反映市场对近期降息的预期),但长期国债收益率上升,表明市场对长期经济前景缺乏信心。

总之,美联储当前正应对一个复杂且不确定的环境。它试图管理劳动力市场放缓的风险,同时避免重新点燃通胀,这一切还面临着强烈的公众密切关注。

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