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在全球商业的重大进展中,美国和欧盟于7月28日达成了一项框架贸易协议,此举有效避免了世界上两个最大经济集团之间爆发全面的贸易战。该协议由特朗普和欧盟委员会主席冯德莱恩宣布,对大多数欧盟商品征收15%的进口关税,这一税率仅为最初威胁税率的一半,标志着笼罩跨大西洋贸易数月的紧张局势有所缓和。

协议核心内容

经过激烈谈判达成的协议,对大多数源自欧盟的商品确立了15%的基准进口关税。尽管一些曾希望实现“零关税互惠”的欧洲官员认为该税率仍然偏高,但这相比美国8月1日曾威胁征收的30%关税已是大幅降低。

协议的关键内容还包括欧盟方面做出的重大承诺:

投资美国 — 欧盟计划在美国投资约6000亿美元。

购买美国能源 — 承诺在未来几年购买7500亿美元的美国能源。

购买军事装备 — 从美国购买“数千亿美元”的武器装备。

特朗普称赞该协议是 “有史以来最大的协议”, 它是在与日本签署的类似5500亿美元框架协议基础上的扩展。然而,与日本协议一样,它仍然留下了几个关键问题悬而未决,尤其是在烈酒、钢铁和铝等敏感行业的关税税率方面。虽然15%的关税普遍适用,但协议指出飞机及飞机零部件、某些化学品、仿制药、半导体设备、部分农产品、自然资源和关键原材料除外,相关讨论正在进行中,可能会将更多产品加入此免税清单。

各方对协议的反应

该协议在大西洋两岸引发了宽慰与持续担忧交织的反应。特朗普称赞该协议是一次胜利,符合其政府重塑全球经济秩序和减少美国贸易逆差的目标。美国官员强调,欧盟20万亿美元经济体为美国农民、牧场主和工业企业提供了“巨大的”机遇。

欧盟委员会主席冯德莱恩形容特朗普总统是一位“强硬的谈判者”,但强调15%的关税是“我们所能争取到的最好结果”。她指出该协议有潜力为这两个最大经济体之间的贸易关系带来“稳定性”和“可预测性”。德国总理梅尔茨对协议表示欢迎,指出它避免了一场贸易冲突,这场冲突本将严重打击德国以出口为导向的经济,特别是其庞大的汽车行业(该行业已受到现有美国关税的重创)。

尽管基调积极,但也出现了一些批评声音。欧洲议会贸易委员会主席朗格认为这些关税不平衡,并暗示欧盟沉重的投资承诺可能让该集团自身付出代价。此外,一位美国高级政府官员表示,如果欧盟未能履行其投资承诺,特朗普保留在未来提高关税的权力,这带来了未来的不确定性因素。美国对钢铁和铝征收的50%关税也仍然有效,尽管欧盟已提出配额制作为替代方案。

对金融市场的影响

金融市场的即时反应是谨慎乐观,反映出对避免了更大、更具破坏性贸易战的宽慰:

协议宣布后一小时内,欧元兑美元、英镑和日元汇率立即上涨约0.2%,表明市场对贸易不确定性降低持积极态度。

该协议可能为众多面临重大关税威胁的欧盟公司带来好消息,包括空中客车(Airbus)、梅赛德斯-奔驰(Mercedes-Benz)和诺和诺德(Novo Nordisk)等主要企业(假设细节得以落实)。特别是德国汽车制造商,可能从美国对进口汽车及零部件征收的27.5%关税中获得喘息之机。

尽管该协议通过建立框架带来了一定程度的稳定性和可预测性,但像Teneo的Carsten Nickel这样的专家警告说,这“仅仅是一项高层政治协议”,可能会像美日协议之后出现的问题那样,导致“后续的不同解读”。这种固有的模糊性可能会给特定行业带来未来的不确定性。

欧盟承诺在美国进行重大投资并增加购买美国能源和军事装备,可能会刺激跨境资本流动,并使特定的美国行业受益。

协议结论

美欧之间的框架贸易协议代表着两个经济巨人之间缓和贸易紧张局势的关键一步。通过设定15%的关税基准并确保重大的投资和采购承诺,该协议提供了一定程度的稳定性和可预测性,这是此前所缺乏的。尽管该协议被一些人誉为避免破坏性贸易冲突的重大成就,但它也留下了一些复杂问题未解决,并存在不同解读的风险。对金融市场而言,即时反应是谨慎乐观,反映了对更高关税威胁解除的宽慰,但其长期影响将取决于悬而未决问题的成功解决以及对商定框架的遵守情况。

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